棱镜的选型和常规指标介绍

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棱镜的选型和常规指标介绍


原理和分类
棱镜是一种按照出射光线和入射光线成特定角度来转折光线的光学元件。棱镜在光学系统中主要实现转折光路、转像、倒像和扫描等功能。用于光束转向的棱镜一般可以分为反射棱镜和折射棱镜。

反射棱镜是将一个或多个反射面磨制在一块玻璃上，利用全反射原理和镀膜技术制成，如果在棱镜内部的光线抵达表面时的角度是大于发生全反射的临界角，便会产生全反射，所有的光线都会被反射回内部；若入射光线不能全部发生全反射，则需在该面上镀以金属反射膜，如银、铝或金等，以减少反射面的光能损失；另外，为了增加棱镜的透光量，减小或消除系统的杂散光，会在棱镜的入射面和出射面镀特定光谱范围的增透膜。在光学系统中反射棱镜主要用于改变光学系统光轴的方向或位置、改变成像方向用作转像系统、实现分光和合像等。



反射棱镜的种类繁多，形状各异，大体上可分为简单棱镜（如直角棱镜、等腰棱镜、五角棱镜、道威棱镜）、屋脊棱镜、椎体棱镜和复合棱镜。
图1 反射棱镜和折射棱镜的工作原理

折射棱镜是根据光的折射原理，工作面是两个折射面，两折射面的交线成为折射棱，两折射面间的二面角成为折射棱镜的折射角，用α表示。出射光线与入射光线的夹角称为偏转角，用δ表示，对于给定的棱镜，折射角α和折射率n是定值，折射棱镜的转向角δ只随光线的入射角I而变化。在光线的光路对称于折射棱镜时，偏向角取得较小值，表达式为：

折射角很小的棱镜称为光楔或楔形棱镜，由于折射角很小，当光线垂直入射或接近垂直入射时，光楔偏向角表达式可以近似简化为：δ=（n-1）α

图2 光楔
棱镜技术指标

镀膜特性

通常在棱镜反射面镀铝、银反射膜以提高光反射率，在入射面和出射面镀增透膜来增加棱镜的透光量，减小或消除系统的杂散光，包括UV、VIS、 NIR、SWIR不同波段。常见镀膜特性如下图。



图3 多种镀膜特性

转向特性

棱镜可以实现转折光路、转像的功能，不同棱镜实现的光束、图像转折角度不同，同一棱镜用法不同，实现的转折角度也不同。图中坐标系不是真实系统坐标系，仅用来表示图像光线偏折方向、图像上下、左右旋转方向。

表1 棱镜的转向特征

棱镜的应用和选型

联合光科可提供各种棱镜现货标准品，如适用于紫外、可见光、近红外等不同波段的，不同尺寸的准精度和高精度的K9玻璃或紫外熔融石英直角棱镜、K9五角棱镜、K9道威棱镜、K9屋脊棱镜、K9角反射镜、紫外熔融石英角反射镜、楔形棱镜等，产品表面镀膜情况有镀铝、银、金反射膜、增透膜、镍铬保护、黑漆保护等，产品优势及应用领域见表2，更多信息请参考网站。

我们在提供各种棱镜标准品的同时，我们也可根据您的实际需求为您提供棱镜定制的服务，如棱镜尺寸的更改、参数指标的提高、镀膜要求的更改等。

表2 联合光科可提供棱镜标准品及应用领域

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